Linguistic: Syntaxis and word order (b)

Sentences, obviously, have many more parts. And that means we can have many different possible ways of ordering them. If I would not just have 3 cakes here, but 15, there would be many, many, many different ways of ordering 15 cakes. 

Now, again what's interesting is that we find a lot of variation also in real languages, so many of these different possible orders are actually also attested in real languages. 

But what's even more exciting is that there is some structure to this. It's not all completely random. 

That's the topic for typologists. Typologists are linguists who study many languages and compare them in certain dimensions. A famous typologist, maybe the most famous typologist ever, was the 20th century American linguist Joseph Greenberg. And he studied correlations between different word orders, the kinds of word orders we have just seen. So he discovered that whenever we find a language in which the verb comes before the object, we can make a prediction about where the adjective will be with respect to the noun. The prediction will be that it will be like French, that the adjective will follow the noun. You can see it here. So blanche is the adjective white, maison is the noun house, and you say maison blanche, or you say house white in French. 

And French also has the verb before the object. So that's very nice. Okay. It's very nice but it doesn't always work, it's a tendency. English doesn't have it like that. English is therefore, typologically kind of strange in this respect. French is a language like many other languages are. 

Some other languages have it the other way around, but then they have everything the other way around. Japanese for instance, Japanese is the mirror image of French in many different respects. So it has the object before the verb, as you can see. 

And it also has the adjective before the noun, as you can see again. So that's the other possibility. So you put everything in the opposite order. And even the third factor we mentioned, prepositions, postpositions, correlates. 

So French type languages, which have VO and adjectives after the noun, also tend to have prepositions, again, not all of them do, but most of them do. 

And Japanese type languages tend to have postpositions. Again, they are the mirror image. It's almost like you take a French sentence, you write every word in the opposite order, and you get a Japanese sentence. It's not completely like that, but almost. 

There's one last factor I want to mention which influences word order. And this is that in some languages, question words, words like what or who or how, behave a bit funny. English is actually such a language, so it's easy to demonstrate. I say, John eats rice, we've seen that. So the object typically comes after the verb. But there's an exception. If I ask about an object, if I ask "what does John eat", "what" is no longer there. It's the object, but it's no longer there at the end of the sentence, it now is there at the beginning of the sentence. And all question words in English have this tendency of occurring right there at the beginning of the sentence. "What does John eat?" 

"Who eats?" "How does John eat?" "Where does John eat?" Et cetera. 

And English is not alone in this, there's many languages all around the world which do this, which put question words just at the beginning of the sentence. But not all languages do. So some languages just keep those question words in the place where they're supposed to be. So if it's an object, it's in the place that it's supposed to be as an object. 

"What does John eat" is an English sentence. If we translate it now into Japanese for instance, well we have seen that in Japanese the object comes before the verb, and the subject actually comes before the object. So we have an SOV word order. That doesn't change if you make it a question. So, in Japanese, you say the equivalent of John rice eats, and the equivalent of John what eats? 

In summary, we have seen that words are like cakes, we can order them in many different ways. And languages explore the possibilities this gives to them and we find many different kinds of orders in many different languages. But we have also seen that typologists have discovered that there are certain correlations between word orders at different levels. So if we have a language where the verb comes before the object, that implies something for the order of adjective and noun. 

Verb To Do Use.

Sentences with the correct form of the verb "to do" in the present tense (do / does).


1. I do my homework every afternoon.

2. She  does not like coffee.

3. They do their housework on Saturdays.

4. He does his best to study for the exam.

5. We do our exercises in the gym in the morning.

6. My friends do not speak French.

7. Doyou like playing sports?

8. Doesshe wake up early every day?



Sentences with the correct form of the verb "to do" in questions


1. Do you go to the gym in the morning?

2. Does she cook dinner every night?

3. Do they have any pets?

4. Does he play video games after school?

5. Do we need to buy some groceries?

6. Do your parents work on Sundays?



Verbs for Daily routine in third person.

1. Laura wakes up (wake up) at 7:00 a.m.

2. She Brushes (brush) her teeth at 7:15 a.m.

3. After that, she has (have) breakfast at 7:30 a.m.

4. Laura goes (go) to work at 8:00 a.m.

5. She arrives (arrive) at work at 9:00 a.m.

6. Laura Finishes (finish) work at 5:00 p.m.

7. In the evening, she watches (watch) TV at 8:00 p.m.

8. Finally, she goes (go) to bed at 10:00 p.m.



Here, you have an example for writing a daily routine using the verb "to do" in the affirmative, negative, and question forms. DO/ DON’T, DOES/ DOESN’T.

1. Affirmative:

I do my homework in the evening.

She does the shopping every weekend.

2. Negative:

 They don’t like waking up early.

We don’t do any exercise on Sundays.

3. Question:

  Do you wake up at 6:00 a.m. every day?

 Does he go to the park after work?



Answer the following questions about your own routine using "to do" and other routine expressions.

1. What time do you wake up?


2. Do you have breakfast in the morning? What do you eat?


3. What time do you go to work or school?


4. Do you do exercise every day?


5. What do you usually do in the evening?


6. Do you go to bed early?

Unit 1 - Lesson 3 Review: Time expressions.

There are many ways to talk about time. Use on to state the day an event takes place.

We're going to Vegas On Friday. 

Use AT to state the time an event takes place.

Our plane leaves at 6:40. 

Use For to talk about a complete amount of time.

Dan's lived there for six years. from and to to talk about a

Use From and to to talk about a complete span of time. 

I work From 2 pm To 10pm 

Use until to talk about the time leading up to an event. 

They're going to play until 7. 

Certain time expressions, such as where and by the time, allow you to connect two events.

I was gardening when I heard the phone ring. It was late by the time Lucy got home. 

Use while to talk about two events that happened at the same time.

Christie slept while I watched the movie. 

Use as soon as, to talk about a completed point in time. 

As soon as we're finished with this project, I'm going to take a vacation.

UNIT 1. ADJECTIVES FOR HEALTHY AND NATURAL EATING.

Use adjectives like these to talk about food:

Waiter: ¿Would you like some fruit?

Client: No, thanks. i`m on a low-carb diet.

Client: I`d like a salad dressing with no oil, and ¿do you have any fat-free or low-fat milk? 

Client: ¿Do you grow organic vegetables?

Waiter: Yes, we do.

Waiter: Good Eats buys everything from local farms. 

Waiter: this crab is wild, from the atlantic ocean.

PRONOUN REFERENCE.

After you use a noun, such as restaurant or server, you can use a pronoun such as it or she to refer back to the noun. For example, it and that can be used as subject pronouns.

The organic restaurant gets five stars for its atmosphere. It 's my favorite.

We ate at 10 pm, but that was fine.

It and that can also be used as object pronouns.

I like this dish. I ordered it last time I was here.

The restaurant had very slow service. I hate that.

She and he are subject pronouns. they refer back to a person previously mentioned. Use her or him as object pronouns.

My aunt is on a low-carb diet. She's losing weight.

The server was very polite. I gave him a bigtip.

You may also want to ask questions about the food:

¿Are the oysters fresh?

¿Do you have any local red wine?

¿What does lasagna come with?

COUNTERS

You can use the container a food comes in to state the food's amount. Counters such as a bottle of and a package of are especially useful when quantifying an uncountable noun, like water or bread, since these nouns have no plural. Use a bottle of or a liter of to identify some liquids.

A: -I'd like a T-Bone steak and a bottle of Sparkling mineral water. 

B: Certainly. A T-Bone, and would you like a liter of Sparkling mineral water or just a small bottle?

CULTURE NOTE: These are Five main categories of steak 'doneness":"

Well done 

Medium well

Medium well

Medium rare 

Rare

¿Which one do you prefer?

Making Your Language more Polite 

You can use continuous forms or a model such as would, could or may - to make your language more formal and polite. 

I'm wondering if you serve food that's locally grown.

We were hoping for a 6 o'clock reservation. 

I would like to make a reservation for Sunday evening. 

How may I help you?

Six Fifteen would work just fine. 

Could You give us a non-smoking table?

Culture Note: Of course, it is always best to be polite, but when you are booking a table, or ordering your meal, you'll find that you get better service if your language is polite and respectful.

Use a package of, to identify amounts of some solids. 

We didn't have dessert at the restaurant, so after dinner we bought a package of cookies.

Use a carton of, to identify amounts of some liquids. 

You're still thirsty? I think you' De had a carton of milk already. 

They brought out four huge cartons of ice cream and let us choose What we wanted.

Use a loaf of, to state an amount of bread that's baked in the Piece. 

She served a loaf of bread hot from the over.

Another useful counter is a dozen. It means 12 of something. 

The chef puts a dozen fresh local cops in each quiche. We'd like a dozen oysters, please.

LECCIÓN 2 - THE NEWS / LAS NOTICIAS

 A. DIÁLOGO

0. Robin and George are watching television when they start discussing a new twenty-four hour TV news channel / Robin y George están mirando la televisión cuando empiezan a discutir sobre un nuevo canal de noticias de veinticuatro horas.

1. Robin: (Watching television) / don't really know this new TV channel. Have you had the opportunity to watch it? / (Mirando la televisión) No conozco bien este nuevo canal de televisión. ¿Has tenido la oportunidad de verlo?

2. George: Not really; working twelve hours a day, who has time to watch TV? It seems similar to other news channels. There are other channels that offer news twenty four hours a day. If you have a satellite connection you can even get channels from other countries.

/ Realmente no; trabajando doce horas al día, ¿quién tiene tiempo para ver la televisión? Parece ser muy similar a los otros canales de noticias. Hay otros canales que transmiten noticias las veinticuatro horas del día. Si tienes conexión por satélite, puedes ver canales de noticias de otros países.

3. Robin. Do they have them in other languages as well? Is there one in French or Dutch? I speak French rather woil and I'm currently learnin Dutch. / Y los tienen en otros idiomas? ¿Hay algun canal en francés u bolandes? Habla bastante bien el francés y actualmente estoy aprendiendo holandés

4. George: Yes, you can get channels in French, Spanish, German, Italian, and of course, English. I didn't know that you were learning Dutch. 1 don't speak any other languages. / Si, puedes recibir canales en francés, español, alemán, italiano y, por supuesto, inglés. No sabia que estabas estudiando holandés, Yo no sé hablar ningún otro idioma.

5. Robin: I think it's a great idea to listen to the news in other languages. That way you can practice while you learn what 's happening around the world. / (Yo) pienso que es una muy buena idea escuchar las noticias en otro idioma. Así puedes practicar mientras te informas de lo que está ocurriendo en el mundo.

6. George: I agree. What type of news are you normally interested in? / Si. ¿Qué tipo de noticias te suelen interesar?

7. Robin: I like to read all types of news. I like to know a bit of everything: the economy, sports, the arts, entertainment, and world politics. / A mi me gusta leer todo tipo de noticias. Me gusta saber de todo un poco: economía, deportes, cultura, espectáculos y política internacional.

8. George: I really like to read the science and technology section! I like everything related to scientific events, from health to weather. / A mi me encanta leer la sección de ciencia y tecnología. Me gusta mucho  lo relacionado a los acontecimientos científicos, desde la salud hasta la meteorología.

9- Robin:  Look, now they're showing the weather forecast for this weekend. It seems like it will be good weather. We really need if it has been raining every weekend, and in the summer I love to go to the beach. / Mira, ahora están dando el pronóstico del tiempo para este fin de semana. Parece que va a hacer buen tiempo. Verdaderamente nos hace falta: ha estado lloviendo todos los fines de semana y en el verano a mi me encanta ir a la playa.

10. George: According to the forecast, Sunday will be a better day than Saturday. Which of the two days were you thinking of going? / Pues de acuerdo al informe, el domingo va a ser mejor dia que el sábado. ¿Cuál de los dos días pensabas ir a la playa?

11. Robin: I was thinking of going on Sunday, although it might be very crowded. / Pensaba ir el domingo, aunque me parece que va a estar repleto

12. George: Look, they're showing the financial report. / Mira, están dando la información financiera.

13. Robin: It seems like the stock market isn't getting any better. We've spent a few months without seeing much improvement. / Parece que la bolsa no mejorara nada. Llevamos varios meses sin ver mucha mejoría.

14. George: But you shoshdn't worry so much, so you know, it's normal for financial markets to remain Magnant for long periods. Throughout the years the stock market has gone through the same cycles. / Pero no te deberías preocupar tanto, como sabes, es normal que los mercados financieros pasen largos periodos estancados. A través de los años la bolsa ha pasado por los mismos ciclos.

15. Robin. I see you're an optimist. / Por lo que veo eres un optimista

16. George: Yes, although sometimes the news they show on TV make me feel more pessimistic. / Sí, aunque a veces las noticias que ponen en la televisión me hacen sentir más pesimista.

17. Robin: I know there are many things we see on the news that make us feel worried. But you should also know that they sometimes focus on negative news. / (Yo) sé que hay muchas cosas en las noticias que nos hacen preocupar. Pero también debes saber que los medios noticiosos a veces enfatizan mucho las cosas negativas

18. George: It's true. It 's a shame that when they report sensational news they gain more popularity and sell more issues. / Es cierto, es una pena que cuando dan reportajes de noticias sensacionalistas adquieren más popularidad y venden más ejemplares.

19. Robin: And sometimes they stop giving constructive and interesting news. / Y a veces dejan de dar noticias constructivas e interesantes.

20. George. In any case, I like to know what 's happening in the world. / De todas formas, me gusta saber qué está pasando en el mundo.

21. Robin: The perfect solution would be to get the news from more than one news source  / La solución perfecta es obtener las noticias de nis de un medio noticioso

22. George: The best way is to get in the habit of buying a serious newspaper, subscribing to a good weekly magazine, and choosing a good news program on TV. That way you can get a more complete version of what's happening in the world. /  Lo mejor es tener el hábito de comprarse un pe riódico serio, suscribirse a una buena revista semanal y escoger un buen noticiero por televisión. Así se puede tener una versión más completa de los acontecimientos mundiales.

23. Robin: I have to go, George. / Tengo que irme, George.

24. George, Where are you going? / ¿Adónde vas?

25. Robin: I'm going to buy a good newspaper. I have to make sure that there will be good beach weather this weekend!  / Me voy a comprar un buen periódico. ¡Quiero ase- gurarme de que va a hacer buen tiempo el fin de semana para ir a la playa!

B. NOTAS

0. twenty-four hours a day: No hace falta usar el artículo - the - como ocurre en español: "las veinticuatro horas del día".

1. TV: "televisión". En inglés es común usar la versión corta de television o TV

2. know: Contrario a lo que ocurre en español, el verbo puede usarse para indicar "saber" o "conocer", dependiendo del contexto.

3. rather well: "bastante bien". El adverbio rather modifica al otro adverbio well currently: Significa "actualmente". No la confunda con la palabra actually, qué significa "realmente

4. get. El verbo tiene varios significados: puede ser "recibir", "obtener" o "coger".

6. agree: "estar de acuerdo". En español no existe un verbo que se usa exclusivamente para transmitir este mensaje.

11. crowded: "atestado", "muy concurrido", "lleno". La palabra proviene de la palabra crowd o "multitud"

18. shame: También significa "lástima", "vergüenza" o "deshonra".

C. GRAMÁTICA Y USO

1. La expresión "hay" puede ser there is o there are, dependiendo de la situación. There is se usa antes de un sustantivo singular, mientras que there are se usa antes de un sustantivo en plural. Para el tiempo pasado use there was o there were.

• There are many books on the table.  / Hay muchos libros sobre la mesa. 

• There is a great restaurant on my street. / Hay un restaurante estupendo en mi calle.

• There are many people there /  Hay mucha gente alli.

• There were many boeke on the floor. / Había muchos litros en el piso.

2. Para hacer preguntas en inglés, use los siguientes términos: What? (¿Qué?), Which? (Call), Who? (Quién ¿Quiénes?) y Where? (Dónde?).

• What do you know about the family? / ¿Qué sabe usted acerca de la familia?

• Which of the children is a friend of yours? / ¿Cuál de los niños es amigo tuyo?

• Who is that child? / ¿Quién es aquel niño/aquella niña?

3. Los pronombres personales en inglés se utilizan para reemplazar el sustantivo que toma el lugar del sujeto en la oración. Los pronombres personales son I, you, he, she, it, we, you y they. A diferencia del español, en inglés el pronombre sujeto debe figurar siempre.

• She has never seen the new channel. Nunca ha visto el nuevo canal. (ella)

• We always read the financial section. Siempre leemos la sección financiera. (nosotros)

• He has to go. / Tiene que irse. (el)

• She's a very smart girl  / Es una muchacha muy lista. (ella)

4. El pronombre it se utiliza para referirse a objetos o animales. También se usa con expresiones de tiempo, distancia o temperatura.

• it's a beautiful dog /  Es un perro muy bonito

• it´s raining  / Está lloviendo.

• It's March 3nd.  / Es el nus de marzo

• It's six o'clock  / Son las seis.

EJERCICIOS

A. Sustituya la palabra subrayada con la palabra en paréntesis. Luego escriba la palabra y dígala en voz alta

1. Peter likes to read all types of news. (I like, We like. You like, Josephine likes, Peter and Josephine like)

2. They know the city well. (the restaurant, Jim, the financial section, the news channel, math)

3. It seems like the stock market isn't getting any ber ter, (the weather, it, the price, the situation, the movie)

4. There are other channels you can watch, (other movies, many people, other sites, many paintings, other programs)

5. You shouldn't worry too much. (Bitt, Your mother. They, The President, The politician)

6. Who is that in? (that person, Mrs. Johnson, the teacher, he, the best actor)

B. Convierta las siguientes frases al plural. Escriba las oraciones y luego tradúzealas

1. It is a beautiful dog

2. There is a party on Friday night.

3.  I like him very much.

4. She needs to read a newspaper.

 

5. Who is your doctor?

C. Traduzca las siguientes frases  al inglés y luego digalas en voz alta

1. Hay un buen restaurante por aquí.

2. ¿Qué sabes tú acerca de ese periódicol

3. Hay muchas personas en la fiesta

4. El nos está ayudando

5. ¿Quién es esa mujer?

6. Lo quiero ahora, (el vaso de agua)

7. Ella lo necesita (a él)

8. ¿Quién conoce a Roberta?

9. Había muchas personas en el tren

10. ¿Cual de los dos prefieres?

D. Sustituya la palabra en parèntesis con la mejor alternativa. Escriba la oración y tradozcała

1. (Nosotros) _______ need them here

(a) She

(b) They

(c) We

2. (Ellos) _________ called as early in the morning.

(a) He

(b) They

(c) We

3. (Había) _______ many people on the bus.

(a) They were

(b) There was

(c)There were

4. (Hay) ________ in that town an interesting local newspaper

(a) There is

(b) There are

(c) Theirs

5. (¿Cuál ) ________ is a better channel?

(a) What

(b) Who

(c) Which

6. (Esta) ________ raining a lot.

(a) Is

(b) It in

(c) This

7. (Ellas) __________ really want a vacation.

(a) She

(b) She's

(c) They

8. (Es) _________ very friendly.

(a) They are

(b) We are

(c) It is

9. (Estoy) _________ waiting for her.

(a) I'm

(b) They're

(c) We're

10. (Es la) __________ one o'clock.

(a) It is

(b) is the

(c) Is she

RESPUESTAS

B. 

1. They are beautiful dogs. / (Ellos) son unos perros bonitos

2. There are parties on Friday nights. / Hay fiestas los viernes por la noche.

3. We like them very much. / (A nosotros) (ellos) nos gustan mucho.

4. They need to read newspapers/  (Ellas) necesitan leer periódicos.

5. Who are your doctors? / ¿Quiénes son tus/sus médicos?

C. 

1. There is a good restaurant around here.

2. What do you know about that newspaper?

3.. There are many people at the party,

4. He's helping us.

5. Who is that woman?

6. I want it now, (the glass of water)

7. She needs him.

8. Who knows Roberta?

9. There were many people on the train.

10. Which of the two do you prefer?

D. 

1. We need them here. / Los necesitamos aquí.

2. They called us early in the morning. / (Ellos) nos llamaron temprano en la mañana.

3. There were many people on the bus. / Había mucha gente en el autobús.

4. There is an interesting local newspaper in that town / Hay un periódico local interesante en ese pueblo.

5. Which is a better channel? / ¿Cuál carnal es mejor?

6. It is raining a lot.  / Está lloviendo mucho.

7. They really want a vacation. / (Ellas) realmente quieren unas vacaciones.

8. It is very friendly. /  Es muy amistoso.

9. I'm waiting for her. /  Estoy esperándola.

10. It is one o'clock. / Es la una en punto.